Heat is transferred from the Earth's surface upward in a random manner and multiple directions primarily due to turbulence. Turbulence occurs when airflows interact chaotically, creating eddies and mixing layers of air with different temperatures. This turbulent mixing enhances the transfer of heat between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, distributing energy more erratically than in processes like convection or advection.

Convection is the vertical transfer of heat due to buoyancy, typically in rising warm air currents.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules, which mainly occurs between the Earth's surface and the air just above it.

Advection is the horizontal transfer of heat by the wind, such as warm or cold air masses moving from one region to another.