Which of the following statements is correct regarding the mountain effect as regards radio wave propagation?
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A
It prevents an aircraft at low altitude receiving VOR signals due to mountains blocking the radio waves.
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B
It can be caused by diffraction of an NDB signal bending the path of the radio waves.
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C
It can be caused by refraction of an NDB signal changing the path of the radio waves.
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D
It can be caused by refraction of a VOR signal bending the path of the radio waves.
Refer to figure.
MOUNTAIN EFFECT (Multipath Effect)
Mountainous areas can cause both reflections and diffraction of the transmitted radio waves to produce errors in ADF systems. Radio waves will bounce off high ground or other irregularities causing the direction of the received signal to be different from the actual direction of the NDB. This can result in a false indication of the ADF needle. Such errors increase at low altitude and can be minimized by flying higher.
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