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Plotting positions in charts by Dead Reckoning (DR) may be required..
  • A
    in areas with high densities of airways and navigation aids.
  • B
    during a flight with limited equipment and few navigational aids.
  • C
    when any of the radio-navigation, INS or GPS sources are unavailable.
  • D
    during a flight over sea using INS/IRS and GPS navigation.
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In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating current position of aircraft by using a previously determined position, or fix, and then incorporating estimates of speed, heading direction, and course over elapsed time. You may need it during flight, when you don't have adequate equipment and enough navigational aids to determine your position.

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