Redundancy in flight controls can be achieved by…
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A
fixing dual control runs to each other combined with one actuator per control surface with a separate power supply.
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B
fixing both control columns to each other so that increased force can be exerted by both pilots.
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C
clutches with dual control runs, multiple actuators per control surface, and multiple control surfaces per axis.
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D
proper rigging of the flight control surfaces during maintenance.
There can be two systems powering the same surface, where one is a back-up for the other and can be used with the use of clutches on the same control run. The use of more than 1 actuator per control surface. The use of multiple control surfaces per axis, for example, spoilers can also be used for lateral control when the ailerons would fail.
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