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According to the TEM Model, threats are grouped in two basic categories. One of these categories refers to environmental threats and the other category refers to…

  • A
    Organisational threats that occur due to the organisation in aviation structures.
  • B
    Operational threats that occur due to the organisation in aviation structures.
  • C
    Human performance threats that occur due to the human performance of aviation personnel.
  • D
    Technical threats that occur due to the technical part of the aeronautical operations, e.g. aircraft malfunctions.

The components of the TEM model

Threats are defined as “events or errors that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase operational complexity, and which must be managed to maintain the margins of safety”. During typical flight operations, flight crews have to manage various contextual complexities. Threats can be grouped under two basic categories derived from the TEM model.
  • Environmental threats occur due to the environment in which flight operations take place. Some environmental threats can be planned for and some will arise spontaneously, but they all have to be managed by flight crews in real time.
  • Organizational threats, on the other hand, can be controlled (i.e., removed or, at least, minimised) at source by aviation organizations. Organizational threats are usually latent in nature. 

Table 1. Examples of threats (List not inclusive)

Environmental Threats

Organizational Threats

  • Weather: thunderstorms, turbulence, icing, wind shear, cross/tailwind, very low/high temperatures.

  • ATC: traffic congestion, TCAS RA/TA, ATC command, ATC error, ATC language difficulty, ATC non-standard phraseology, ATC runway change, ATIS communication, units of measurement (QFE/meters).

  • Airport: contaminated/short runway; contaminated taxiway, lack of/confusing/faded signage/markings, birds, aids U/S, complex surface navigation procedures, airport constructions.

  • Terrain: High ground, slope, lack of references, “black hole”.

  • Other: similar call-signs.

  • Operational pressure: delays, late arrivals, equipment changes.

  • Aircraft: aircraft malfunction, automation event/anomaly, MEL/CDL.

  • Cabin: flight attendant error, cabin event distraction, interruption, cabin door security.

  • Maintenance: maintenance event/error.

  • Ground: ground handling event, de-icing, ground crew error.

  • Dispatch: dispatch paperwork event/error.

  • Documentation: manual error, chart error.

  • Other: crew scheduling event

 

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