Air Speed Indicator

Is the only instrument that uses both Static and Dynamic pressure. It shows Indicated or Calibrated speed, and with a mechanism that compensates for altitude and temperature corrections, it can also show True Air Speed. It has Arcs and Markings for a big variety of speeds like, Vs, Vso, V flaps extend, Vno, Vne.

Altimeter

is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an aeroplane above a fixed level. Altitude can be determined based on the measurement of atmospheric pressure. The greater the altitude, the lower the pressure. When a barometer is supplied with a nonlinear calibration so as to indicate altitude, the instrument is a type of altimeter called a pressure altimeter or barometric altimeter.

Artificial horizon

The Attitude Indicator (AI), formerly known as the Gyro Horizon or Artificial Horizon, is a flight instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change. The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft relative to the actual horizon. It is a primary instrument for flight in instrument meteorological conditions.

The heart of the AI is a gyroscope (gyro) that spins at high speed, from either an electric motor, or through the action of a stream of air pushing on rotor vanes placed along its periphery. The stream of air is provided by a vacuum system, driven by a vacuum pump, or a venturi.

Fuel quantity indication

The fuel level and flow measurement data is typically displayed in the cockpit on a fuel quantity indicator (FQI). The FQI shows the amount of fuel in each tank, as well as the total amount of fuel on board. The FQI also shows the fuel flow rate for each engine. Uses 28VDC.

Radio equipment

The aircraft communication system includes those components and subsystems providing air-to-ground, interphone and cabin communications are usually electrically driven. The system is also responsible for recording communications and cabin audio. It includes the following:

• Audio integrating system.
• Communication radios.
• Radio tuning system.
• Cockpit voice recorder.
• Static dischargers.

Navigation equipment

There are a myriad of techniques and instruments available to assist the pilot in navigating the aircraft. The type of instrument that can be found on a given aircraft depends on its level of sophistication: a light VFR aircraft is equipped with simple instruments while an airliner requires much more complex instruments and are usually electrically driven.

Magnetic compass

In navigation, an instrument for determining direction on the surface of Earth by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with Earth’s magnetic field. The magnetic compass is the oldest and most familiar type of compass and is used in different forms in aircraft, ships, and land vehicles.

Gyros

Gyroscopic flight instruments of some description are used in most general aviation aircraft and in older commercial aircraft. Examples of such instruments include Attitude Indicators, Heading Indicators and Turn Coordinators (Turn and Slip Indicator). The gyroscopes within the instruments are usually electrically or vacuum driven and make use of the basic gyroscopic principles to display the attitude of the aircraft. In more modern installations, mechanical gyroscopes have been replaced by laser gyros.

The devices that can be affected by a failure of the electrical system in an aeroplane are radio equipment, navigation equipment and gyros.