Refer to figure.
HYPERVENTILATION

Hyperventilation is a condition characterized by rapid or deep breathing, often resulting from anxiety or panic attacks, but it can also occur due to other medical conditions. Simply, hyperventilation is overbreathing. This increased breathing rate causes high amounts of carbon dioxide to be exhaled, reducing the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Hyperventilation can lead to a variety of symptoms including:

• dizziness
• tingling in the hands and feet
• muscular spasms
• visual disturbances
• increased heart rate
• shortness of breath
• loss of consciousness
• fainting

Hyperventilation can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be triggered by stress, anxiety, motion sickness, hypoxia, or physical conditions like lung diseases.

In managing hyperventilation, techniques such as breathing into a paper bag, practicing controlled breathing exercises, or addressing the underlying anxiety can be helpful. In more severe or persistent cases, medical intervention might be necessary to treat the root cause of the hyperventilation.

Cyanosis is a medical condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, or nails due to low oxygen levels in the blood. This can result from various respiratory or circulatory issues, such as hypoxia, heart failure, or exposure to extreme cold. Cyanosis is not a symptom of hyperventilation.