SKILL-BASED BEHAVIOUR

Skill-based behaviour is exercised when an individual executes a stored routine or motor programme (skill) learned through practice and repetition and does not require conscious effort. Skills are stored in our procedural memory which forms part of our long-term memory. The errors related to skill-based behaviour are action slip and environmental capture. Errors in skill-based behaviour do not usually occur to individuals with little experience since they usually have to think about each action. Experienced individuals may make errors in skill-based behaviour when they are tired, preoccupied or extremely relaxed. Examples of skill-based behaviour is when riding a bike or driving a car.

RULE-BASED BEHAVIOUR

When the individual experiences a situation for which a skill does not apply, rule-based behaviour can be used if a routine or procedure has been learned for that specific situation. Rule-based behaviour requires conscious decision to be initiated, which does not apply to skill-based behaviour. Examples of rule-based behaviour is following the rules and procedures for flight planning and preparation, or following an IFR approach. Rule-based behaviours might be written (manuals and SOPs) or stored in our long-term memory. Short-term may be used as well during the execution of the behaviour. Errors linked with rule-based behaviour are error of commision and departure from the rules.

KNOWLEDGE-BASED BEHAVIOUR

When no skill or rule applies to a situation, knowledge-based behaviour may be used. The individual has to analyze information and use their knowledge and experience to decide on a plan to follow. The data used to decide are based on the environment and on the long-term memory of the individual and might also be affected by their mental models. Knowledge-based behavior allows a pilot to handle unusual or unfamiliar situations or problems. Errors linked with knowledge-based behaviour are incomplete or inaccurate mental models, overconfidence, lack of situational awareness, confirmation bias and more.

Let's examine the given options:

Decisions are made based on knowledge stored in the long-term memory. → CORRECT. In knowledge-based behaviour the data used to decide are based on the environment and on the long-term memory of the individual.

Actions are performed automatically without conscious thought or attention. → INCORRECT. This statement refers to skill-based behaviour.

Following specific, pre-programmed rules or standard operating procedures. → INCORRECT. This statement refers to rule-based behaviour.

Responses are triggered by subconscious sensory perception of the environment. → INCORRECT. Knowledge-based behaviour requires conscious effort instead.