SKILL-BASED BEHAVIOUR

Skill-based behaviour is exercised when an individual executes a stored routine or motor programme (skill) learned through practice and repetition and does not require conscious effort. Skills are stored in our procedural memory which forms part of our long-term memory. The errors related to skill-based behaviour are action slip and environmental capture. Errors in skill-based behaviour do not usually occur to individuals with little experience since they usually have to think about each action. Experienced individuals may make errors in skill-based behaviour when they are tired, preoccupied or extremely relaxed. Examples of skill-based behaviour is when riding a bike or driving a car.

• Environmental Capture. Environmental capture occurs when a familiar action is repeatedly performed in the same setting, leading to automatic responses. For example, during circuit training, a pilot may confirm “three greens” on final approach without actually lowering the landing gear. When later questioned, the pilot may genuinely believe they saw the indication, even though the gear was never deployed.

RULE-BASED BEHAVIOUR

When the individual experiences a situation for which a skill does not apply, rule-based behaviour can be used if a routine or procedure has been learned for that specific situation. Rule-based behaviour requires conscious decision to be initiated, which does not apply to skill-based behaviour. Examples of rule-based behaviour is following the rules and procedures for flight planning and preparation, or following an IFR approach. Rule-based behaviours might be written (manuals and SOPs) or stored in our long-term memory. Short-term may be used as well during the execution of the behaviour. Errors linked with rule-based behaviour are error of commision and departure from the rules.

KNOWLEDGE-BASED BEHAVIOUR

When no skill or rule applies to a situation, knowledge-based behaviour may be used. The individual has to analyze information and use their knowledge and experience to decide on a plan to follow. The data used to decide are based on the environment and on the long-term memory of the individual and might also be affected by their mental models. Knowledge-based behavior allows a pilot to handle unusual or unfamiliar situations or problems. Errors linked with knowledge-based behaviour are incomplete or inaccurate mental models, overconfidence, lack of situational awareness, confirmation bias and more.